Episode 138: Alice Constance Austin
Alice was a visionary American architect and urban planner whose radical ideas challenged the norms of housing and domestic life. Born in Chicago to Joseph and Sarah Austin, she was largely self-taught and completed only one built project—a home for her family in Santa Barbara in 1888. Influenced by European workers’ housing and socialist experiments, she turned her focus to reimagining urban life.
Around 1915, Austin partnered with lawyer and socialist leader Job Harriman in planning Llano del Rio, a cooperative colony in California. Her design for a city of 10,000 people proposed a circular layout to maximize efficiency and equal access. She envisioned shared kitchens, laundries, and childcare centers, connected by underground tunnels that streamlined food delivery, utilities, and infrastructure. Housing was to be equal in size, built of concrete row houses with shared courtyards for passive climate control, radiant-heated tile floors, built-in furniture, and Arts and Crafts–inspired details produced in local workshops. Alice’s approach reflected her belief in material feminism—the idea that women should not be confined to unpaid domestic labor. By shifting household work to communal facilities, she aimed to free women’s time for education, civic participation, and creative pursuits. Her plans also preserved land for future experimentation, including traditional single-family homes.
Though Llano del Rio never realized her full vision, Alice published widely, including her 1935 book "The Next Step: How to Plan for Beauty, Comfort, and Peace". Her proposals anticipated aspects of New Deal housing programs, modernist experiments by Le Corbusier, and today’s sustainable planning concepts.
While few of her designs were built, Alice’s work stands as an early and influential attempt to merge architecture, feminism, and socialism into a blueprint for equitable community living.
Caryatid: Mariam Issoufou Kamara
Mariam Kamara, a Nigerien architect and founder of Atelier Masomi, is known for designing culturally grounded, climate-responsive spaces that address overlooked communities. Originally trained in computer science, she later turned to architecture, gaining international recognition for her thesis on women and public space in Niger. Her work ranges from reimagining urban growth in Niamey to developing affordable, energy-efficient housing, often using local materials and traditional techniques in innovative ways. She has also co-founded a Seattle-based design collective, contributed to major urban projects in West Africa, and currently teaches urban studies at Brown University.
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This transcript was prepared during the development of the episode.
Final recorded episode may deviate slightly from the content presented below as changes, edits, or improvements may be made during the recording and editing process.
Jessica: Hi! Welcome to season 13 of She Builds Podcast, where we share stories about women in the design and construction field, one lady at a time.
Lizi: This season's theme is: “All Things Residential” . We are talking about ladies who were involved in residential projects.
Norgerie: As always, we are not experts, we are just sharing stories about the information that we find, as friends having a fun conversation. If you find an error, send us an email and we will all continue learning.
Jessica: This week, we will be discussing Alice Constance Austin, a self-taught designer who was also a feminist and a socialist. I’m Jessica Rogers, currently eating Memphis BBQ in Memphis but I recorded this episode in Miami, Florida.
Lizi: Hey girl Heyy, I’m Lizi Raar, craving Breadbelly in San Francisco.
Norgerie: And I’m Norgerie Rivas dreaming of mofongo in Houston Texas.
Jessica: Let’s begin on March 24th, 1862. Alice Constance Austin was born in Chicago. She would be the only daughter of Joseph Burns Austin, a railroad and mining executive, and her mother, Sarah Leavitt Austin. She had two brothers, and the only other thing to note about her family was that she had a cousin who was a famous painter named Cecelia Beaux
Norgerie: ohhh, interesting!
Lizi: related to a famous artist. This is starting off well already.
Jessica: So, for Alice’s childhood? Of course, not much can be found, but we can assume that, given her father's position as an executive in railroads and mining, they would be fairly well-off. The family would travel all over the country and the world. She traveled to England, Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy.
Norgerie: What a great sounding childhood.
Lizi: oooo yeah that sounds noice.
Jessica: So, when you travel out of the country, they ask you what your profession is. Well, for Alice, she would say she was a teacher. In some circles, she was known as a polyglot, and to others, Alice had the gift for languages.
Norgerie: Oh, a polyglot. I mentioned at the beginning of the season my dream of being a polyglot. I already like Alice.
Lizi: Oooo I wonder how many languages she knew.
Jessica: That I could not find - maybe if she was considered to have a gift of languages I would think she was similar to you Lizi … I would say that you had a gift with languages. You seem to pick them up rather quickly.
Okay, so if you remember from my introduction, Alice is self-taught. So her school was the world. The project that was the only one that got built was a house she designed for herself and her parents in Mission Canyon, Santa Barbara, in 1888.
Norgerie: Oh ok… I'm very curious how she fits into this season, or this show for that matter… I mean if we're gonna include people who only have one project to their name… I don't wanna be too selective but, this bar feels a little too low.
Lizi: hahaha well let’s hold judgement until we hear about it.
Jessica: Hahaha you know how I like to bring something different - just you wait. So there are no photos of said house. What caught my attention with Ms. Alice was all of her interesting theories and manifestos on cities and urban planning. But before I get into that, let’s talk about her inspo.
Lizi: Yes Let’s
Norgerie: ah ok, ok. She's impacting the built environment through her theories. I'm ready to be impressed.
Jessica: Like I said before, the world was her university. One of my sources mentioned that her exposure to seeing European workers' housing and early socialist experiments would inform her interests in alternative urban models of housing.
Norgerie: This feels true with quite a few ladies we've talked about.
Jessica: Probably not her formal teachers, but teachers in her head or influencers would be people like Ebenezer Howard and Edward Bellamy, who I think we’ve talked about before???
Lizi: I can’t remember if we’ve mentioned them on this show, but Ebenezer Howard was an English urban planner who was the founder of the Garden City movement, which we studied in college. The garden cities, had a central city, and then satellite communities in concentric circles around the center which were separated by greenbelts. The idea was that we shouldn’t be separated from nature, and the various satellite areas would be grouped into categories of industry, agriculture at the outer rings, and residential areas. Part of this idea was to gain the benefits of both city and more rural areas but avoid the downsides of each. Two of these cities were built in the UK and they sparked other versions around the world including a few in the US.
Norgerie: At first I did not recognize either of those names. But now that you mention that Lizi, Ebenezer sounds familiar. So, I looked up Edward. He was a journalist and political activist who wrote the utopian novel Looking Backward, which advocated for the state owning the main pillars of the economy, nationalizing important resources. If you think that smells like socialism, it does. You know that, I know that, most importantly Edward knew that. He knew the American public would be like P U socialism so he called it nationalism. And to THAT, people were like Oh Yeah, and they started Nationalist Clubs. And it was a big thing in the late 1800s. Looking Backwards became the third best selling novel of the 19th century in the US.
Lizi: Oh wow, way to PR it into popularity haha.
Jessica: So, talking about these guys - like Lizi said - you have to mention the Garden City Movement. Which leads me to one of the plans that Alice is probably most known for … her plan for the ideal socialist city.
Norgerie: Oh, is there such a thing? Color me curious.
Lizi: Yeah, I am so intrigued to hear what the garden city plus the ideas of Edward mix together to become.
Jessica: Around 1915, Alice would become buddy-buddy with a man named Job Harriman - he was a lawyer in LA and a prominent figure of the socialist party. He actually ran with Eugene Debs for President in 1900 and almost became Mayor of LA in 1911.
Norgerie: oh this is all pre World War One. As this story has developed I've been wondering if socialism was more accepted in the US at that time. From the little bit I looked up on Edward, my guess would be no, but maybe actually still more accepted than today. I can see myself losing three hours of my life looking up the politics of the early 1900s. Sorry I digress. What are Alice and Job gonna cook up?
Lizi: Hahaha a waterfall to chase another time. But I do think that pre WWII and Cold War, it wasn’t popular per se but wasn’t maybe as villanized? That’s my sense based on things I have read.
Jessica: right! So to both of your points - I don’t think it was vilified. But it was definitely a growing group - enough for a guy to think he could run for governor but still not popular enough that said candidate could win.
So when Job lost all of those times - he had this idea of creating a cooperative colony in the Antelope Valley north of Los Angeles, or an area called Llano del Rio. It would become this grand Socialist City.
Norgerie: Wow… I'm finding this leap kinda hilarious, the voters say no multiple times and he hears oh let me start a colony. I guess it makes sense.
Lizi: HAHA. Well I guess he decided that he wanted to live around people who agreed with him. OR maybe he thought he could convince them of his ideas if they saw it in practice and experienced it? So was Alice part of the master planning? Or it was going and she bought into it and built a house there?
Jessica: ding -ding, she was part of the master planning, Alice would describe it as “beautiful, of course; it should be constructed on a definite plan . . . thus illustrating in a concrete way the solidarity of the community; it should emphasize the fundamental principle of equal opportunity for all; and it should be the last word in the application of scientific discovery to everyday life, putting every labor saving device at the service of every citizen”
Norgerie: this sounds too good to be true.
Jessica: The town was designed to house about 10,000 people, all within a one-square-mile area. The layout was circular—not just for visual appeal, but to promote equal access and make infrastructure more efficient. Instead of each home handling everything on its own, Alice’s plan shifted much of daily domestic life to shared facilities. Central kitchens, laundries, childcare centers, and a network of underground tunnels would handle everything from food delivery to utilities. The idea was to streamline how the city worked, so residents could focus less on chores and more on community life.
Norgerie: Again that sounds beautiful but… kinda sorta not really, number #1 Jessica did they lose you at shared central kitchens? Humans are territorial, we want our own dishwashers loaded our own way. #2 While the overwhelming majority of people are great, thank goodness, we still got slackers, we got thieves, we got people that will take advantage of the system and not pull their weight. I can see this working with a small group of friends that know and love each other like we do. But not among 10,000 strangers, unless you're starting a cult that in a few years becomes a Netflix special…. #3 No, thank you. But from an architectural standpoint this has some merit. It would be interesting to see how the program is divided, all that goes underground, and it could almost be a second city underground.
Lizi: HAHA. OK, I mean I do like having my own kitchen, but the idea of streamlining day to day tasks or life admin so that you can focus more on community life sounds really really great. I can buy into that 100%. Or essentially sharing those loads among many people so it feels more manageable. But yeah, I guess how does that get enforced so that it is truly shared among everyone? Or is it just shared facilities that are central to promote people meeting in those spaces and interacting with one another instead of shutting up in your house to cook and do laundry?
Jessica: For the record, I am neutral with this community’s ideas. Like you said Norgerie, I like having my own kitchen and loading the dishwasher my way (IYKYK). And to your second point it almost sounds too good to be true and if anything, it’s giving post-apocalyptic, District 12, PanNam, via Hunger Games.
The reason why I thought this story was interesting to tell was based on the architecture of it all.
Norgerie: I think the ideas and the architecture are interesting, they make for a fun debate.
Jessica: Back to Alice and this town. So all of the utilities would be underground to streamline construction - to preserve the beauty and functionality of communal spaces. The houses would be equal in size because she believed in equal access to housing for her socialist way of thinking. Decoration of said houses would be a personal preference, but she offered renderings of alternative schemes. Oh, and in her master plan, she set aside land for future architects to experiment and for those who still wanted to build a conventional single-family home.
Norgerie: Oh so we're outcasting some people now. Nah, either you buy into the philosophy full on or you don't. Shun the non-belivers.
Lizi: I like the space for experimental design, but it does seem like offering single-family home options could create some animosity or chaos.
Jessica: I will say maybe because I only know the basic principles but it sounds super idealistic. Like to Norgerie’s earlier point. I feel like the experimental area would be somewhere in the corner, somewhere to not disturb the aesthetic of it all. I also feel like sure they would allow some variation, but after a couple of years, they would want some uniformity.
Norgerie: hahaha you say you're neutral but I hear you agreeing with me more often than not.
Jessica: Okay, let’s get into some of the details of some of her concepts. The houses were designed to be out of concrete row houses with shared courtyards to promote passive climate control. The furniture was designed to be built-in to minimize dust accumulation and spatial clutter. There would be radiant-heated tile floors and the elimination of curtains to reduce the material and labor costs of domestic upkeep. Decorative window casings crafted in local workshops, integrating Arts and Crafts principles and suggesting a locally rooted, craft-based economy.
Norgerie: This I can get behind. The architect in me is into it. But… they said people can personalize their spaces, but then it turns out it has to be within the guidelines they set, no curtains, no bringing your own furniture that has been passed through generations in your family…
Lizi: My first thought was so everyone be seeing me changing then? I feel like I get the idea of built-in furniture and less upkeep with curtains etc. but like….also privacy? Haha. I get that they’re trying to promote community so they don’t want people just shutting their curtains and hermiting, but it feels like there are instances of needing a curtain for changing, or being able to sleep in a bit for those who are very light sensitive. Otherwise, I am into the main idea of this design for the climate control, courtyard living, etc.
Jessica: Her biggest thing, which was what caught my attention in the first place was this notion of the kitchenless house or the abolition of the private kitchen, without going further - ladies what are your initial thoughts … but before we do
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And we’re back, okay. Before the break, I asked the ladies what their thoughts were on the concept of a kitchenless house.
Norgerie: I think it's pretty obvious I'm skeptical about this whole thing, but as a person that does not enjoy cooking and spends very little time in the kitchen, the kitchenless house is probably the most unconventional part of this scheme that wouldn't make me bat an eye.
Lizi: HAHA. Well as a person who LOVES cooking and baking, this would be a bit tough for me, but I am also very social and extroverted, so having a shared kitchen could possibly work for me, but I also like things a certain way, and it’s hard when you cook in someone else’s kitchen that you don’t know well. I guess if I get used to it I’ll know where everything is, but what if you want a late night snack?
Jessica: So initially, right, it caught my eye because all we’ve ever known, at least in today’s world, it's that the kitchen is the heart of the home, central to everything. So what happens when you take that away?
Norgerie: Hahaha I have to disagree with you there. For me the heart of the home is the living room that has a couch in front of the TV. And I don't think I'm alone thinking this. If anything, ok let's say I agree with you, the kitchen is the heart of the home, then in this socialist experiment Alice has to take that heart out because it's about creating a heart for a community, not for individual homes. She has to encourage, if not force, interaction and connection, the kitchen and the dining areas are communal, people's homes are for sleeping.
Lizi: hahaha it’s the heart of the home since you don’t like to cook. But I agree with your second comment, Norgerie. I think your argument Jessica is exactly why she took it away. She’s forcing people to gather together around the kitchen and dining areas. We talk about this a lot at work that people always end up hanging out in the kitchen at a dinner party because they’re talking to whoever is cooking/hosting. This is part of the reason open concept has become so popular. It doesn’t separate the person cooking, it’s more interactive and social, and I can see how she would want to take that space and make it truly communal. It would definitely be an adjustment though.
Jessica: back to Alice and her why … what was her reason? Alice wanted to challenge the gendered assumptions embedded in American Residential Architecture. She envisioned homes and cities not around nuclear family norms or consumer status symbols, but around equity, collective care, and shared labor. Her belief that women should not be confined to unpaid domestic work was grounded in the broader movement of material feminism,
Lizi: I mean I like this part for sure. It would definitely shine a light on all the tasks that are typically relegated to women. And this is in what year? 1915? This would definitely have been radical for the time, so I appreciate that piece of it.
Norgerie: I can get behind this. I like this experiment and how it materialized itself in the built environment but I just don't see how it works with 10,000 people. I actually saw on Instagram a group that is trying to buy an apartment complex in Puerto Rico to begin a community living project. The project is called Base Comunitaria if I'm not mistaken. I think in small pockets that sounds doable and great. I even started looking into how to support their cause. What I'm really skeptical about is making this work at a large scale. Anyway even if I don't agree or see myself living there I like that someone is thinking radically and turning things on their heads and seeing what that looks like. I'm glad we're discussing it, it's very interesting and layered.
Lizi: I agree. I think there are things about this that I really love and could be a great addition to society. It would certainly force people to work together and/or work around each other for laundry/ cooking etc. I agree that it seems hard to do at that large of a scale. I feel like there would have to be smaller communities within the scale. Almost like neighborhoods where that group has a shared kitchen, etc. and it creates a smaller knit community that can rely on each other. This also kind of reminds me of college dorms haha. And just the idea of sleeping areas and then common rooms.
Jessica: And this is why I wanted to tell this story - it’s totally radical. A new concept that I hadn’t heard of. okay so this radical idea was not only just her way of thinking, enter … Melusina Fay Peirce and Charlotte Perkins Gilman, who were two reformers who argued for communal domestic services and housing reform as essential to women’s liberation.
Norgerie: Melusina “Zina” Fay Peirce was a lot of things: feminist, author, teacher, music critic, organizer and activist. What people know her for the most today is as for being one of the leaders of the 19th century "cooperative housekeeping" movement. Zina believed true gender equality couldn’t happen without women gaining economic independence. To her, the root of women’s economic and intellectual oppression was unpaid, unskilled domestic work. Her big idea? “Cooperative housekeeping”: women teaming up to handle household chores and actually getting paid for it—usually by charging their husbands. She even envisioned redesigning neighborhoods and homes to make it easier for women to work together on domestic tasks. And I gotta say, after all my naysaying earlier, when you put it like that, I'm picking up what Zina is putting down.
Lizi: hahaha Norgerie will be a convert by the end of the episode. Ok, so Charlotte Perkins Gilman Stetson was a utopian feminist. She wrote many books and was involved with the Nationalist Clubs we mentioned earlier as well as fighting for women’s suffrage. Her most relevant work of writing to this episode is called Home: It’s Work and Influence. Essentially she explores women’s role in domestic tasks and argues for more equity among domestic roles and that women shouldn't be relegated to only those spheres.
Jessica: So this reminds me a little bit of discussion that we had at the Gabl media about women and residential architecture, Okay with such a radical idea there was no way that this was going to ever be built. There wasn’t enough capital to get a town like that built. It was said that their land inspector had tricked them, and their proposed irrigation system had failed. So it was just a mess. Oh and don’t forget in 1917 there was also world war I
Norgerie: See! Humans be scheming and ruining things, why the town inspector had to play them dirty like that? Was he against women's liberation? Did the kitchenless house offend him? Was he an Ayn Rand capitalist? Well no, she was a kid still. But he's proving my point why this would never work, and that makes me sad. I wish it did, they needed to scale back, maybe a smaller town could have been built.
Lizi: Such a bummer. I would have liked to see how this would play out. I also wonder though if this was partly shot down because of fear of a different idea. You know? But maybe you’re right Norgerie, if it started smaller, maybe it could have happened. Who knows.
Jessica: yeah it seemed like they were trying to accomplish too much and at too large of a scale. And remember it wasn’t just Alice, her buddy Job, and a couple of people that believed in this - there was a whole movement of people behind this Llano del Rio socialist commune. So when folks realized that it wasn’t going to happen - they decided to move to Louisiana. Alice Stayed behind
Lizi: Louisiana?? That seems like a big pivot hahaha. What was happening in Louisiana?
Norgerie: I don't doubt there were a lot of people that believed in this and got involved, even in today's climate I can see AOC and Bernie followers crowd funding this. But hold up, when things went south why did these people go east? What did Louisiana offer them?
Jessica: Well I guess they went south and further east? Throughout the whole time of her designing this utopian town Alice was writing and speaking, talking about her ideas. She wrote articles with titles like “Building a socialist city” and “the socialist city”
Norgerie: I'm interested in reading that, are these available on the internet for free? Are there links you can share?
Lizi: Yeah very curious to read them.
Jessica: I found the first one that I will be sure to include in our shownotes. in 1935, she wrote a book called “The Next Step: How to Plan for Beauty, Comfort, and Peace, with Great Savings effected by the reduction of Waste”
Norgerie: She's appealing to fiscally conservative people now. I see you Alice.
Lizi: HAHA.
Jessica: well maybe she came to her senses or found her flaws with her original plan lol. Even though the majority of her commune had moved away - Alice kept advocating for her ideals while still in Los Angeles. She still advocated for making a way to reduce or eliminate housework for every citizen. She even tried to patent some of her ideas.
Lizi: Yes!! Keep going Alice!
Norgerie: That's cool!
Jessica: In 1955, Alice would pass away. Although her plans were never actualized, her ideas would leave a lasting impression. Her city planning is said to be similar to some of the New Deal-era planning initiatives from Roosevelt. Even Corbusier has considered the concept of systematizing domestic labor. Or today, the idea of creating a town that is efficient and sustainable.
Norgerie: Yeah, this lady was obviously way ahead of her time, I'm glad she put her ideas to paper. I want to see drawings of this socialist paradise.
Lizi: Same! I want to know more about how it would have played out.
Jessica: I do have some of her plans in our shownotes - so you will just have to check them out there. These kind of conversations also reminds me of our earlier conversations and how things like housing can have an impact on social interactions and vice -versa. As controversial or ahead of her time Alice was - I thought it would be cool to include her point of view even if we might not agree with it. And on a side note - as much as we love talking about cult documentaries (IYKYK) her story reminds me of the cult that never was - architecture style hahaha
Jessica: Alright, now we have reached the second half of our episode the Caryatid, this is where we select a woman living today who is doing her thing, furthering the profession, and whose work continues to hold the profession up just like the caryatids or columns shaped like women found on greek style buildings.
Jessica: so without further adieu …. this week’s caryatid goes to Mariam Issoufou Kamara
Whoo
Jessica: Mariam Kamara is an architect from Niger who started her own firm, atelier masomi, in Niamey. She’s all about designing buildings and spaces that actually make sense for the culture, history, and climate of the place, especially in parts of the world that often get overlooked. She also co-founded a Seattle-based design collective and worked on big urban projects in West Africa.
Lizi: Wow, very cool!
Norgerie: Interesting!
What’s cool is she didn’t even start in architecture—she studied computer science first, then switched paths later. Her thesis on women and public space in Niger got international recognition and even made it into the Milan Triennale.
Norgerie: Say what!?
Lizi: That’s super cool, and what a career shift. From the title, it sounds like she and Alice were both trying to promote women in different spheres.
Jessica: What drew me to Mariam and what reminded me of her in relation to Alice was that Mariam has led some really impactful projects—like rethinking how urban villages in Niamey can grow sustainably, and creating a pilot housing project for middle-class families that’s both affordable and energy-efficient. Through atelier masomi, she keeps pushing for innovative housing and community spaces that use local materials and traditional techniques in fresh ways. On top of all that, she also teaches urban studies at Brown University.
Norgerie: What a great initiative and mission.
Lizi: Definitely see the connection with Alice and how they both are working to create new innovative communities for people.
Norgerie: Here, here. Jealous of her students, maybe I'll apply to Brown. I've been thinking about getting a masters.
Jessica: Before we say goodbye we want to say thank you to CMYK for the music, John W our technical advisor. And most of all thank you for listening!
Lizi: Remember to check out our show notes for links to all of our resources on this episode as well as pictures of projects we’ve talked about.
Norgerie: We hope you enjoyed learning about today’s lady and caryatid along with our banter, and that you are inspired to find out more about them and other amazing professional ladies. Again, thank you.
jessica: She Builds Podcast is a member of the Gābl Media podcast network. Gābl Media is curated thought leadership for an audience dedicated to building a better world. Listen and subscribe to all the shows at gablmedia.com. That’s G A B L media.com.
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References:
Alter, Lloyd. “Alice Constance Austin Designed Houses Without Kitchens in 1917.” Treehugger, 17 Sept. 2021, www.treehugger.com/alice-constance-austin-houses-without-kitchens-5201804.
Colony, Museum of the New Llano. Musuem of the New Llano Colony. www.newllanocolony.com/DBcolonist/austinalicec.html.
Pioneering Women of American Architecture. pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/alice-constance-austin.
Reeder, Linda. “Alice Constance Austin’s City Plan to Reduce Domestic Drudgery — THE ARCHITECTRESS.” THE ARCHITECTRESS, 10 Dec. 2023, www.lindareederwriter.com/blog/alice-constance-austin.
Williams, Robert, et al. Llano’s Lumber Industry. 19 Oct. 1916, www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/westerncomrade/1611-westerncomrade-v4-n07.pdf.
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