Episode 114: Lillian Gilbreth
The time was May 24, 1878; the place was Oakland, California. Lillie Evelyn Moller was born. Her parents were well-off Germans who settled in the United States, Annie, née Delger, and William Moller. William was a builder's supply merchant and Annie was a homemaker. Lillie was number two of 9 surviving siblings. She had an older sister who passed away as an infant before Lillie was born. Later on in life, she preferred to be known as Lillian.
Lillian was raised in Oakland, California. She was a very smart, shy young girl with a love for meticulous organization, which foreshadowed her future in engineering. Her father initially barred her from college, but Lillian convinced him otherwise and excelled at Berkeley, ultimately becoming its first female commencement speaker. After earning a master’s, she began a doctorate but paused to travel to Europe, where she met her future husband, Frank Gilbreth.
The two shared a passion for efficiency studies and eventually co-founded Gilbreth Incorporated, consulting across various industries. Along with raising 12 children, Lillian became instrumental in both the business and the engineering done at Gilbreth Incorporated, implementing time-saving techniques that influenced among many things, modern kitchen design and medical efficiency, to name a few. Frank encouraged her to complete her PhD to gain credibility; however, even after becoming a doctor, publishers often omitted her name to avoid controversy, despite her numerous contributions.
When Frank died suddenly, Lillian managed the business solo, continuing to innovate by designing efficient kitchens and appliances, especially for disabled people and veterans. She became the first woman in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and later a Purdue University professor. Her kitchen design concepts and ergonomic modifications left lasting impacts.
In 1948, Lillian’s family life inspired Cheaper by the Dozen, though it overlooked her career accomplishments. Her resilience and influence in industrial management endured, earning her the Hoover Medal in 1966. She worked into her 80s, leaving a powerful legacy for women in engineering before passing at age 93.
Great article with great pictures of Lillian’s kitchen design work: https://slate.com/human-interest/2012/10/lillian-gilbreths-kitchen-practical-how-it-reinvented-the-modern-kitchen.html
Caryatid: Dr. Jane Chumley Ammons
Dr. Jane Chumley Ammons is an industrial engineer famous for her research on supply chain engineering and the recycling of industrial goods. She is professor emerita at Georgia Tech where she was the chair of the H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering at Georgia Tech. She was also president of the Institute of Industrial Engineers.
In 2014 Jane became the second woman to win the Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Industrial Engineering Award. It is the highest and most esteemed honor one can get from the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers. It is given to people who distinguish themselves through contributions to mankind. Jane is an extremely accomplished pioneering leader in the field of industrial and systems engineering. She also supports educational opportunities for underrepresented people. An example of this was her participation as a member of the Technical Committee for Uganda: Millennium Science Initiative Project co-financed by the World Bank.
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This transcript was prepared during the development of the episode.
Final recorded episode may deviate slightly from the content presented below as changes, edits, or improvements may be made during the recording and editing process.
Norgerie: Hi! Welcome to She Builds Podcast, where we share stories about women in the design and construction field, one lady at a time.
Jessica: This season’s theme is: “Pairs, Duos” . We are talking about ladies who were a part of a professional pair in some fashion.
Lizi: As always, we are not experts, we are just sharing stories about the information that we find, as friends having a fun conversation. If you find an error, send us an email and we will all continue learning.
Norgerie: Today we're sharing the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the story of Lillian Gilbreth, pioneer in the field of industrial engineering and kitchen design. I’m Norgerie Rivas, craving a relaxing cup of hot chocolate, in Houston Texas
Jessica: Hi, I’m Jessica Rogers craving an ooey gooey s’more in Miami, FL
Lizi: Hi, I’m Lizi Raar, craving pumpkin bread in San Francisco.
Norgerie: I'll tell you what guys if you really wanna learn anything about Lillian Gilbreth don't bother reading Cheaper by the Dozen or watching any of the movies.
Lizi: Noted.
Jessica: All right.
Norgerie: Before I officially start, I’ll say that there is a part of Lillian’s story that is not discussed much. She was a supporter of eugenics, an ideology that believes in the racial dominance of white Anglo-Saxons. Because of this I have a friend who is an engineer and advocates for schools to stop teaching about Lillian. She believes that Lillian should not be a role model for women in STEM.
Lizi: That’s really awful that she supported that, and I wish it was more widely talked about.
Jessica: Ooooh my goodness
Norgerie: While I understand my friend’s point of view, I still believe that there’s a lot to learn from Lillian. Rather than not telling her story, we have to make sure we do tell the whole story without overlooking the harmful parts. It's important for people to know the full picture so they can appreciate her achievements while also recognizing her faults. We don't have to idolize her, but we can learn from her.
Lizi: Yeah I think it’s important to highlight that she had these views and that even though she made huge strides for women in STEM, she also had viewpoints that were trying to harm people. And it’s true that she shouldn’t be idolized in the way that it sounds like she has been. Hopefully we can acknowledge the good she did, but find other women to use as role models for future engineers.
Jessica: This is disheartening to hear. And it’s hard - it makes you wonder if you can separate the work from the person. But also on our show we have told stories of ladies that we might not necessarily agree with some of their ideals but we choose to still recognize them for the work that they did for the architecture industry. The good, the bad, the ugly, and everything in between.
Norgerie: Let's dive in. The time May 24, 1878; the place was Oakland, California. Lillie Evelyn Moller was born. Her parents were well-off Germans that settled in the United States, Annie, née Delger, and William Moller. William was a builder's supply merchant and Annie was a homemaker. Lillie was number two of 9 surviving siblings. She had an older sister who passed away as an infant, before Lillie was born.
Lizi: That’s so tough to lose a child. I am now just remembering though that we learned that Lillian also grew up in a house with lots of kids during episode 79 Ruth Gordon Schnapp. If you remember, Ruth and her husband Mike had friends who lived in the Moller’s old house where Ruth and Mike got married there.
Jessica: That's right! That’s where we learned a little bit about Lillian.
Norgerie: Yeah, as a kid Lillie was suuuuuper shy. She would rather spend time with books than with people. She organized her books by color and size, which is kinda how I organize my books too so I get it Lillie.
Lizi: hahaha you relate.
Jessica: haha. I also get the hanging out with books instead of people hahaha
Norgerie: She was homeschooled until she was 9 years old. And then she started going to public school. When she got to high school in 1882, the family moved to a house out of town which meant Lily had to ride the streetcar rather than walk to school. The change bothered her because she was a very punctual person. She became obsessed with calculating exactly how long the trip was, when did the car arrive at each destination… documenting a lot of details, and pretty much shaping up to her future work. This is what in literature we call foreshadowing.
Lizi: HAHA thank you for the hot tip. Ok, so this is probably the house I was mentioning before. But this is SO interesting to see how her mind worked or how it developed with her trying to calculate her commute SO accurately.
Jessica: that’s funny. In highschool I also had a commute but we didn’t have street cars but between buses and trains I memorized my route / plus the alternatives. You kinda had to if that’s your source of transportation.
Norgerie: Little miss shy person was coming out of her shell too. She won vice presidency of her senior class and graduated top of her Oakland High School class in 1896!
Lizi: Yay! Congrats Lillian.
Jessica: oh heyyy
Norgerie: So for a girl that enjoys education so much, what do you think she will want to do next?
Lizi: More school
Jessica: yep
Norgerie: She wanted to go to college but her daddy said no no no..
Lizi: Say what!? No school??
Jessica: Is it because they had a million children? I don’t understand why? Por Que? Por quoi?
Norgerie: Because her dad basically thought only poor women go to college cause they needed to get a job. But Lillie didn't need one of those so what would be the point, and what would people think? That he was poor, that he didn’t love her? No, they can’t have that.
Lizi: OMG. My mouth is hanging open. That is awful. I am so sorry for her that he wouldn’t let her go, and at that time it would probably be hard to go without your parents permission.
Jessica: This has to be a new one? Seems so backwards
Norgerie: Totally, but eventually she convinced him to let her try it out and before dad could change his mind Lillie enrolled in the University of California, Berkeley.
Lizi: Get it Lillian! Find your loophole and get out there.
Jessica: this kinda reminds me of my big fat Greek wedding when Tula convinces her dad that she can go to school- so I know that she is going to use this to her advantage.,,
Norgerie: And you KNOW that she did super super well in school. She majored in English, and also took courses in philosophy and psychology. And on top of that she also got a teaching certificate.
Lizi: That’s right!
Norgerie: On May 16, 1900 Lillie made history when she became the first woman to ever be a commencement speaker at Berkeley for her graduating class. Her speech was titled: “Life: A Means or an End".
Lizi: Wow! That’s amazing!
Jessica: okay history in the making! Also, that title sounds interesting
Norgerie: I know I was like woah, I’m not sure, where she takes a speech with that title, but ok. I wanted to read it but I couldn't find it on the internet. After graduating Lillie decided that name was for children and she wanted to be an adult so she started going by Lillian.
Jessica: moving from child to adult.
Lizi: Ooooo I was wondering about that. So her legal name was Lillie, but she was like I’m a lady now call me Lillian?
Jessica: ohh good question- I just thought it was a nickname
Norgerie: Yeah technically her legal name was Lillie and her nickname was Lillian. Two years later she graduated with a masters in English from Berkeley and went for her Doctorate degree, but after a year in the program she decided, you know what, I'm gonna take a trip to Europe with my friends. And on their way to Europe she was in New England and she met her chaperone’s aunt's only son. Enter, Frank Gilbreth.
Lizi: hahahaha I like that set up, but oh heyyyy. Enter new character Frank.
Jessica: yeah the set up… which part? The part of the ladies with money going to Europe, or the chaperone’s aunt? But that sounds cute
Norgerie: Haha. Frank had money too. He worked himself up through the construction industry by implementing time-saving techniques which would become his and Lillians's lives work.
Lizi: Very nice.
Jessica: cute! But so he wasn’t a football coach or a restaurateur like in the movies?!? Well they don’t mention engineering at all in the movies so here we go.
Norgerie: No, not at all. Frank started out in construction, he actually started at MIT and in a Zuckerberg move decided he could learn more from life than from college and dropped out. So he went to work in construction and while there he figured out how to lay bricks faster than anyone else and realized hey if I can do this here, I can do it anywhere so he started a business teaching different clients how to make their business more efficient. Which led to him, just by trade, no formal education, becoming an industrial engineer and a pioneer in time motion studies.
Lizi: ohhhh very interesting background. I like how he came into that as a profession. I mean I guess at that time there probably wasn’t an ‘efficiency’ major, so I like that he saw needs and figured out a way to make it a career.
Norgerie: Yeah, but let's go back to the love story. Frank was totally smitten with Lillian. And spoiler alert, it was mutual. He told her when you get back from Europe I’ll meet you at the loading dock which he totally did and soon after proposed to her on Christmas Day. They were married in October 1904 in San Francisco.
Lizi: So cute!!
Jessica: now that sounds like a movie, so cute.
Norgerie: Very on brand for them, for their honeymoon they went to the World's Fair in St. Louis.
Lizi: Ohhh fun. That does seem appropriate.
Jessica: And it sounds cool
Norgerie: A year later she had her first child in 1905. These people had no time to waste previously Frank told her, you know what, I’d like us to have a dozen kids and instead of running the other way Lillian said ok. And they totally went on to have a dozen kids, they actually had 14, two passed away when they were young.
Lizi: How she didn’t laugh in his face is beyond me. But you know what you do you Lillian, and I guess as long as he wasn’t saying have a dozen kids and stop helping with the business then sure.
Jessica: well I’m guessing she must have loved having a bunch of siblings and thought “sure- let’s replicate my childhood and have a bunch”
Norgerie: Keep this fact in your head for the rest of the episode, that this lady went on to raise a dozen children while running a business with her husband, they were 100% partners on this. It was called Gilbreth Incorporated. What their company did was help businesses become more efficient by implementing time saving techniques that they learned through motion studies which was a field that they pretty much were making up. They conducted studies and research together, wrote papers, and she helped get clients too. She was doing all the things, she was becoming an engineer the same way Frank had.
Lizi: Woah! That is a really interesting business model, but I also love that they were a true partnership and that she was just as involved as he was.
Jessica: That's nice- but what did they do exactly?
Norgerie: Well they conducted experiments in efficiency, they thought about if certain things could be delegated or worked in an assembly line type of way. They studied a certain company’s procedures and suggested ways those could be improved, and it turns out that what worked for one company could work industry wide for others. And they were able to help a wide range of industries.
Lizi: Ahhh I see. But were there certain businesses like furniture, building materials, etc. that they worked with?
Norgerie: Their business focused on consulting various industries on operations and design. For example, she worked with hospitals to improve operating room layouts, and her innovations in industrial design, such as foot-operated trash cans, helped kitchen productivity. And they had a whole bunch of different clients like Ford Motor Company and Major League Baseball. All sorts of different industries could find a use for their studies, principles, and designs.
Lizi: Oh my goodness! They were working with errbody! And I had no idea I had Lillian to thank for my trash can.
Jessica: I’m confused so was she a product designer or an operations manager type?
Norgerie: She really was both, because as she studied certain operations, she thought about what could be done to solve certain problems and sometimes that meant creating a new product or implementing a new layout in a space. A lot of modern kitchen design can be attributed to her.
Lizi: Ohhh interesting. What kind of kitchen designs was she promoting? What else can I thank her for?
Norgerie: She was responsible for the layout of the modern kitchen. She advocated for compact designs, based more on people’s heights, and order of operations, than on equipment. Actually before I go into more details on the kitchen design I will give you a very brief summary about her work as an engineer cause it would affect her designs.
Jessica: oooh interesting wondering how they intersect
Lizi: ohhhh I love all those things. Can’t wait to hear more.
Norgerie: So super reader's digest version is that Frank convinced her to finish her PhD because it was the only way for her to get taken seriously. She went back to school to study the new field of experimental psychology so that she could apply it to her work in time motion studies, efficiency, and industrial engineering, to include human psychology into the equation. Virtually no one else is doing that yet.
Lizi: I mean I get his argument just because….history…and patriarchy. But I also sort of love that he was encouraging her because he wanted her to be taken seriously. It sucks that that was the reality of things, but I’m glad that she had such a supportive husband.
Norgerie: She got her doctor’s degree from Brown University in 1915.
Lizi: Good for you Lillian! But also, this lady is nonstop. She probably has 9 kids by now and is running the business with her husband, add to that getting a PhD.
Jessica: wow
Norgerie: Doing that made her one of the first people in the field of industrial management to have a doctorate. Which should have totally legitimized her.
Lizi: Yeah! But history tells me it won't, which is really sad.
Jessica: yeah I detect some nonsense among us
Norgerie: You detect correctly. On papers authored by Gilbreth Incorporated sometimes Lillian was not credited as an author, because, you guessed it, the publishers didn't wanna cause controversy or diminish the credibility of the paper by naming a woman. And no publisher wanted to touch the papers she worked on her own, no one would care about studies being conducted by a woman.
Lizi: UGH. That’s so annoying.
Jessica: boooo
Norgerie: One would think the fact that the woman has like a thousand degrees, and is Dr. Gilbreth now, would be credible enough. In all seriousness by the time she died she had 20 honorary degrees.
seriously. UGHHHHH.
Jessica: it’s so dumb- I don’t get it
Norgerie: But Lillian just kept it moving; she published the book the Psychology of Management under her initials L. M. Gilbreth, she wasn’t a fan of that but decided to stop fighting the battle of getting her full name on the cover. It was better than nothing.
Lizi: Sadly yeah.
Norgerie: In other news she gave birth to her youngest child in 1922, Jane, and sadly two years later, Frank suffered a fatal heart attack and passed away while he was in a phone booth talking to Lillian.
Lizi: Oh no! She was on the phone with him!?! That’s so sad.
Jessica: oh my gosh?!!!!
Norgerie: When this happened they were supposed to travel to Europe for a conference a week after, Lillian had to plan the funeral quickly and then go present at the conference. Can you imagine?
Lizi: I cannot. That’s wild to have to still go and do that and to rush the funeral and everything just for that. But I can see that she would feel pressure to keep the business and everything going so that she could support her 12 children.
Jessica: that sounds awful and I’m sure she had help but what an undertaking
Norgerie: After Frank's death Lillian kept going with the work that she and Frank had started. She even applied her motion and efficiency studies into the kitchen and home to find the best ways to do chores and household tasks, and based on that consulted with designers for more efficient kitchen designs. She even worked with General Electric on the design of household appliances. She also thought about how to design more efficient kitchens for disabled people and injured veterans.
Lizi: That’s amazing. I’m glad she kept going and that companies were still willing to work with her even though Frank was gone.
Jessica: that’s actually really cool
Norgerie: In 1926, Lillian was named the first woman Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for her consulting work, research, publications, and lectures worldwide that shaped industrial engineering.
Lizi: Yay! Congrats Lillian.
Jessica: yayy
Norgerie: It made me a little sad that Frank was not there to celebrate this achievement with her cause he would have been super proud. But then I wonder if she would have received the recognition for the work like she did, had he still been in the picture, with him gone and her carrying the work on her own, they could no longer deny her the credit.
Lizi: Yeah that’s true. Sad that it might have been because he died that she was finally recognized.
Jessica: it’s one of those things that you want to know but then if it’s because Frank wasn’t in the picture that she got the award … then I wish I didn't know this.
Norgerie: So it's interesting for me to learn about this engineer turned designer because her approach to design was always rooted in her motion studies and efficiency principles. Her goal was to design a rational kitchen that eliminated wasted time and energy. And later on when she focused her efforts on rehabilitation studies, her designs took a new meaning for the users and for her because they provided a way for people to keep their independence.
Lizi: I love efficiency and functional design, so I am on board with Lillian and her pursuits.
Jessica: here here
Norgerie: Listen to this, in 1913 Christine Frederick released the book "The New Housekeeping" which introduced the concept of arranging kitchen equipment (fridge, sink, stove) in a triangular formation to minimize steps and improve efficiency. Then in 1929 Lillian published, the 'Kitchen Practical,' where she introduced the design of a more compact kitchen with a movable wheeled table, allowing equipment and tools to be brought closer to the user, thereby reducing movement and increasing efficiency. Organizing the kitchen based on the user and order of operations more so than the equipment which is what was being done before.
Lizi: ooooo like a traveling workstation. I love that she was iterating on the work triangle.
Norgerie: She thought kitchen equipment should be ‘made-to-measure’, based on someone’s height and what she called ‘work curve’, which are shoulder and elbow reaches. As a part of her consulting work she would sometimes go to clients, take their measurements and then redesign their kitchen based on their bodies. This could include raising sinks on blocks, sawing off kitchen-cabinet legs if needed, and using moveable furnishings.
Lizi: Woah! That’s kind of awesome to have a bespoke kitchen to your own body measurements. We have had a few situations where the clients are taller and we raise the countertops an inch or so so that it’s more comfortable for them. But obviously this makes it a bit hard for resale, but I still like the idea of truly optimizing a workspace for the user.
Jessica: it’s almost like creating an ergonomic kitchen
Norgerie: But it was a little bit controversial because her clients were not just individual people, she also consulted for big commercial manufacturer’s and the best way for them to make money was for them to standardize everything, right? So she would ask them to at the very least create different heights for their equipment: low, medium and high.
Lizi: That makes a lot of sense. A certain amount of standardization, but also keeping it slightly customized so that it works well for various people.
Norgerie: She made history again in 1935, by becoming the first female professor at the engineering school at Purdue University, she taught a class in management.
Lizi: Woo!
Jessica: yeahhhhh
Norgerie: In 1948 Cheaper by the Dozen came out and two years later it was made into a movie. Both the book and the movie end with Frank's death and don't really show Lillian's accomplishments before and after, which is a big big bummer.
Lizi: That is sad. Her continuing would be a great story.
Jessica: oh wow I gotta watch the first one because Steve Martin or Zach Braff don’t die in the other ones?!? Thats also really annoying- I will say that the moms in the newer versions are more recognized - for their work
Norgerie: Still, eventually Lillian became and still is one of the most famous pioneers of women in STEM. And extremely well known as an industrial and management engineer. Throughout her life she worked with companies all over the world. She didn't retire until she was in her 80s.
Lizi: Amazing.
Jessica: That’s incredible
Norgerie: In 1966, she won the Hoover medal of the American society of civil engineers for distinguished public service by an engineer. She died on January 2nd 1972 at the age of 93.
Lizi: Wow! She lived a long life, and did SO much.
Jessica: Agreed - I also like that she was able to get recognized before she passed
Norgerie: OK now that we’re at the end of her story what are your thoughts on Lillian?
Lizi: I mean you really started off rough with the eugenics bit, and again, I think it’s important to note that about her, but I did enjoy hearing about the work that she did which was EXTENSIVE. Like so many different areas and companies that she helped make more efficient. So I like seeing how she made a difference in those areas and in kitchen designs.
Jessica: I have to look at her body of work … so for that I’m really impressed by what she was able to accomplish.
Norgerie: Alright, now we have reached the second part of our episode, the Caryatid. A caryatid is a stone carving of a woman, used as a column or a pillar to support the structure of a Greek or Greek-style building. In each episode we choose a “caryatid” -- a woman who is working today, furthering the profession through their work, and who ties into the historical woman of our episode.
Norgerie: Drum roll please… Dr. Jane Ammons!
Lizi and Jessica: (applause) Yeay!
Norgerie: Jane Chumley Ammons is an industrial engineer famous for her research on supply chain engineering and on the recycling of industrial goods. She is professor emerita at Georgia Tech where she was the chair of the H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering at Georgia Tech. She was also president of the Institute of Industrial Engineers.
Lizi: Impressive!
Jessica: agreed - very impressive. “Recycling of industrial goods” sounds like an important topic to be working.
Norgerie: So listen to this, there is an award called the Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Industrial Engineering Award. It is The highest and most esteemed honor you can get from the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers. It is given to people who distinguish themselves through contributions to mankind. Now one source says it started in 1931 and another in 1962 and that is crazy gap but I could only find years from those two sources I could not find a tie breaker, what both sources say the same is that the first recipient of the award was Lillian Gilbreth herself.
Lizi: Wow! That’s so cool that this award exists and that the namesake was the first winner.
Jessica: Also how is there like 30 year age gap? Hahaha how is this possible - which one is right? hahaha
Norgerie: In 2014 Jane became the second woman to win the award. I hope we don’t have to wait another 50-80 years for another lady to win. But anyway, Jane is an extremely accomplished pioneering leader in the field of industrial and systems engineering. She also supports educational opportunities for underrepresented people. An example of this was her participation as a member of the Technical Committee for the Uganda: Millennium Science Initiative Project co-financed by the World Bank.
Lizi: I love that Jane’s accomplishments are being recognized. Big bummer that she’s only the second woman to win it. Hopefully more ladies will be recognized for their work in this field, or be interested in the field!
Jessica: okay you know what sucks? If Jane was the second person to win an award that started in 1962 but it WOULD SUCK even MORE - if the award started in 1931. Either way - I hope that since 2014 more women are being recognized with this award.
Norgerie: Before we say goodbye we want to say thank you to CMYK for the music, John W our technical advisor. And most of all thank you for listening!
Lizi: Remember to check out our show notes for links to all of our resources on this episode as well as pictures of projects we’ve talked about.
Norgerie: We hope you enjoyed learning about today’s lady and caryatid along with our banter, and that you are inspired to find out more about them and other amazing professional ladies. Again, thank you.
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References
American Experience, PBS. “The Eugenics Crusade.” American Experience | PBS, www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/eugenics-crusade/?fbclid=IwAR3RFrbRYAn1YdFrP8nU4a7XksDEoJncYwylNruqkenuSqowHaISTAmDH54.
Amin, Aisha. “Lillian Gilbreth: Pioneering Inventor.” American Masters, 7 Mar. 2023, www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/pioneering-inventor-lillian-gilbreth-e8ylkg/13862/?fbclid=IwAR0Teu1JTaz7inONNWGDTGBmoVmluc-R1Rc3JcZCPfwUutd6ToSRdHijJeo.
Chicks, History. “Episode 59: Lillian Gilbreth.” The History Chicks, 3 Nov. 2022, thehistorychicks.com/episode-59-lillian-gilbreth.
The Gilbreths: An Extraordinary American Family - THE FAMILY. www.thegilbreths.com/family.php.
Lange, Alexandra. “Why Your Kitchen Looks the Way It Looks.” Slate Magazine, 25 Oct. 2012, slate.com/human-interest/2012/10/lillian-gilbreths-kitchen-practical-how-it-reinvented-the-modern-kitchen.html.
Penner, Barbara. “Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878-1972) - the Architectural Review.” The Architectural Review, 21 Jan. 2022, www.architectural-review.com/essays/reputations/lillian-moller-gilbreth-1878-1972.
Wikipedia contributors. “Lillian Moller Gilbreth.” Wikipedia, 1 Nov. 2024, en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth.
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